The same situation of the idea of conquering the west was also for Huns and others. That's very interesting. There's a folk tale in Greek storytelling that mentions that Emperor Constantine Paleologus, did not die when Constantinople was taken his body was never found, remember? Instead he was hidden in a secret chamber of Agia Sophia from where he will emmerge some day to chase the Turks back to the Red Apple Tree, where they came from! So, it's like your story but backwards.
Probably the 15th century Greeks have heard this Red Apple thing by the Ottomans, but didn't quite understand it's meaning. The red apple, in the Greek story, is back where Turks have started. I wonder what it symbolizes and why This "Red Apple" myth came from the ancient creation myths of the ancestors of Oguz. The red apple tree is a mythological legend of Turkic creation and its belief still survives btw even Muslim Turks. Even the Islamic Ottoman state owned these believes of ancient creationism, deriving from a wolf, and the red apple.
Maybe these goals and common believs btw Turkic people are the main bonds btw us. Originally posted by Jalisco Lancer Then the europeans would be too busy fighting agaisnt the turkish. The conquest of America would be postponed or be taken by the turkish.
So we wouldnt be writing in English in these forums, but writing in Turkish, speaking Turkish as a common language all over the world since it would be the main international language like English is now.
The red apples Or how a fairy tale becomes a tradition Interesting from a cultural view. I dont know anything about any little riding hoods. But I think most nations have some ancient believs somehow saved until today Britain was not that strong at the first siege,france was our ally,And the holy roman empire did not even risk a battle with us. The empire sent a force in that effectively stopped the osmanly army to advance on Vienna.
The Habsburgs also fought against turks in Tunis. But wasn't America discovered in ? Historians often invoke grand technological and economic forces to explain why wars are won or lost. The soldiers stopped maintaining the sanitary discipline that had been one of their hallmarks; soon disease was spreading throughout the corpse-choked trenches.
Led by Polish King Jan Sobieski, Polish horsemen—the famous winged hussars—seized the Kahlenburg heights over the city. As Kara Mustafa tried to shift troops to deal with them, a confused fight in the hinterlands turned into an Ottoman rout. The Janissary battalions were not ordered out of their trenches until far too late, leading to more needless losses, and many miners were trapped in their tunnels as the Poles and Hapsburgs swept through the trenches.
Kara Mustafa was executed on Christmas day for his failure. An incompetent series of Grand Viziers oversaw battlefield defeats, which led to mutiny and political upheaval. The power of the Sultanate was weakened, and the Janissary corps—the heart of the Ottoman war machine—was gutted. After 17 years of bitter conflict, the Ottomans signed the humiliating Treaty of Karlowitz, conceding many territories in Europe and the Mediterranean.
The daring strike against Vienna had backfired more completely than perhaps any other military operation in history. Instead of revitalizing their empire, Mehmed and Kara Mustafa had sealed its fate. Tags: Academics , Students , Thesis. Search Reed Magazine Search. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history.
These diverse revolutionary movements were in opposition to the conservative agenda of the Congress of Vienna and marked a major challenge to its vision for a stable Europe. The revolutions were essentially democratic in nature, with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and creating independent national states. The revolutionary wave began in France in February and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation between their respective revolutionaries.
According to Evans and von Strandmann , some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of press, demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, and the regrouping of established governmental forces.
The uprisings were led by shaky ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes, and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed and many more forced into exile.
Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands.
The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, the states that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. Before Britain and France dominated Europe, but by the s they had become deeply concerned by the growing power of Russia and Prussia.
Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival, other than perhaps Russia in central Asia. Russia was defeated. Russia denounced this claim, since it claimed to be the protector of all Eastern Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. France sent its fleet to the Black Sea; Russia responded with its own show of force. In , Russia sent troops into the Ottoman provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia. Britain, now fearing for the security of the Ottoman Empire, sent a fleet to join with the French, expecting the Russians would back down.
Diplomatic efforts failed. The Sultan declared war against Russia in October Most of the battles took place in the Crimean peninsula, which the Allies finally seized. London, shocked to discover that France was secretly negotiating with Russia to form a postwar alliance to dominate Europe, dropped its plans to attack St. Petersburg and instead signed a one-sided armistice with Russia that achieved almost none of its war aims. The Treaty of Paris, signed March 30, , ended the war.
It admitted the Ottoman Empire to the Concert of Europe, and the Powers promised to respect its independence and territorial integrity. Russia gave up a little land and relinquished its claim to a protectorate over the Christians in the Ottoman domains.
The Black Sea was demilitarized and an international commission was set up to guarantee freedom of commerce and navigation on the Danube River. After the creation and rise of the German Empire as a dominant nation restructured the European balance of power. For the next twenty years, Otto von Bismarck managed to maintain this balance by proposing treaties and creating many complex alliances between the European nations, such as the Triple Alliance.
As an extension of the vision of the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian and Russian Empires formed the Holy Alliance September 26, to preserve Christian social values and traditional monarchism. The intention of the alliance was to restrain republicanism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars, and the alliance nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War — Every member of the coalition promptly joined the Alliance, except for the United Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy with a more liberal political philosophy.
Britain did however ratify the Quadruple Alliance, signed on the same day as the Second Peace Treaty of Paris November 20, by the same three powers that signed the Holy Alliance on September 26, It renewed the use of the Congress System, which advanced European international relations. The alliance first formed in to counter France and promised aid to each other.
It became the Quintuple Alliance when France joined in Much debate has occurred among historians as to which treaty was more influential in the development of international relations in Europe in the two decades following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. In the opinion of historian Tim Chapman, the differences are somewhat academic as the powers were not bound by the terms of the treaties and many of them intentionally broke the terms if it suited them.
It gained support because most European monarchs did not wish to offend the Tsar by refusing to sign it, and as it bound monarchs personally rather than their governments, it was easy to ignore once signed. Although it did not fit comfortably within the complex, sophisticated, and cynical web of power politics that epitomized diplomacy of the post Napoleonic era, its influence was more lasting than contemporary critics expected and was revived in the s as a tool of repression when the terms of the Quintuple Alliance were not seen to fit the purposes of some of the Great Powers of Europe.
The Quadruple Alliance, by contrast, was a standard treaty and the four Great Powers did not invite any of their allies to sign it. The primary objective was to bind the signatures to support the terms of the Second Treaty of Paris for 20 years. This meant that the first conference in dealt with remaining issues of the French wars, but after that, meetings were arranged on an ad hoc basis to address specific threats such as those posed by revolutions.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Post-Napoleonic Europe. Search for:. The Congress of Vienna. The Balance of Power The Concert of Europe was a system of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power.
Learning Objectives Define the Balance of Power. To bring about a balance of power in Europe and prevent further conflict, they developed what became known as the Concert of Europe, beginning with the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna dissolved the Napoleonic world and attempted to restore the monarchies Napoleon had overthrown.
The Congress was the first occasion in history where on a continental scale, national representatives came together to formulate treaties instead of relying mostly on messages between the several capitals.
The Concert of Europe, despite later changes and diplomatic breakdowns a few decades later, formed the basic framework for European international politics until the outbreak of the First World War in Key Terms balance of power : A theory in international relations that suggests that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others. If one state becomes much stronger than others, the theory predicts it will take advantage of its strength and attack weaker neighbors, thereby providing an incentive for those threatened to unite in a defensive coalition.
Great Powers : A sovereign state recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Concert of Europe : Also known as the Congress System or the Vienna System after the Congress of Vienna, a system of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power.
Participants of the Congress The leading participants of the Congress of Vienna were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia, all of whom had a reactionary, conservative vision for Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, favoring stability and the status quo over liberal progress.
Learning Objectives Identify the participants in the Congress of Vienna and their representatives. These three leaders in the Congress are known for their conservatism, aimed at creating lasting peace and maintaining the status quo and opposed to liberal progress and nationalism.
This conservative agenda has been heavily criticized by many historians who argue that it stood in the way of progress and created the conditions for World War I. Key Terms reactionary : A person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics discipline, respect for authority, etc.
Napoleonic Wars : A series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom.
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